QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2 — Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements

1 Data and information 2 What a data-driven problem is 3 Primary and secondary data sources 4 Quantitative data 5 Qualitative data 6 Data requirements for a research question 7 Dataset file formats: CSV, XLSX, JSON and XML 8 Delimited (CSV) files: structure 9 Plain text (TXT) files: structure 10 XML files: structure 11 Reasons for using TXT, CSV and XML data sources 12 Problems caused by inconsistent data formats when inserting data 13 One-dimensional arrays 14 Records: grouping fields of different data types 15 Two-dimensional arrays 16 Choosing a data structure 17 Validation: why data is checked on entry 18 Types of validation check 19 Validation versus verification 20 Data integrity characteristic: reasonableness 21 Decomposing a problem into sub-problems 22 Why decomposition helps: easier to understand and solve 23 Pattern recognition in a problem 24 Splitting a scenario into inputs, processes, outputs and storage 25 Data Collection Methods for User Needs 26 Interviewing a user 27 Writing good interview questions 28 Observing users 29 Analysing interview and survey responses to find needs 30 Functional requirements 31 Solution Non-functional Requirements 32 Writing measurable non-functional requirements 33 Constraints on a solution 34 Scope of a solution 35 Listing requirements and constraints for a problem 36 Prioritising requirements 37 Component parts of a problem: inputs 38 Component parts of a problem: processes 39 Component parts of a problem: outputs 40 Component parts of a problem: storage 41 Input-process-output (IPO) chart 42 Text data: character and string 43 Numeric data: integer 44 Numeric data: floating point 45 Date/time data 46 Boolean data 47 Choosing a data type for a value 48 Field data types in a database table 49 Field sizes 50 SQL constraints for validation 51 Entity 52 Attributes become fields 53 Why use a database instead of a spreadsheet 54 What a single-table database is 55 The repeated-data problem in one big table 56 Designing a table structure 57 Defining a single-table database from storage requirements 58 Data dictionary 59 Writing a data dictionary entry 60 Primary key 61 Choosing a suitable primary key from a table 62 What is a relational database? 63 Foreign key and table relationships 64 One-to-many relationships between tables 65 One-to-one and many-to-many relationships 66 Referential integrity 67 Entity relationship diagram: entities and relationship lines 68 Crow's foot notation for one and many 69 Drawing an ERD from a scenario 70 User input controls for entering data 71 Presenting data to the user 72 Feedback and error messages in an interface 73 Navigation and user flow 74 Specifying output requirements 75 User experience (UX) 76 UX characteristic: usability 77 UX characteristic: affordance 78 Accessibility features 79 Efficiency of a solution 80 Effectiveness of a solution 81 Error tolerance 82 How UX characteristics affect software design 83 Purpose of analytical tools for users, data and systems 84 Context diagram (Level 0): system and entities 85 Context diagram (Level 0): data flows 86 Drawing a context diagram from a scenario 87 Data flow diagram (Level 1): processes 88 Data flow diagram (Level 1): data stores and entities 89 Data flow diagram (Level 1): data flows 90 Drawing a Level 1 data flow diagram from a scenario 91 Pseudocode for Solution Design 92 Pseudocode Writing Conventions 93 Variable Assignment: x <- value 94 input keyword 95 print keyword 96 Arithmetic Operators in Pseudocode 97 Comparison Operators in Pseudocode 98 Boolean Operators in Pseudocode 99 if-then block 100 if-then-else block 101 else if: chained selection 102 for loop: for i from 1 to n 103 while loop 104 Repeat-Until loop 105 Counters and accumulators in pseudocode 106 Arrays in pseudocode 107 Records in pseudocode 108 define: defining a function 109 return keyword 110 Writing pseudocode from an IPO chart 111 Personal data 112 Sensitive information 113 Benefits of storing data in a database for organisations and governments 114 Social impacts of government databases 115 Risks of collecting and keeping too much data 116 Impact of a cyber attack on an individual 117 Impact of a cyber attack on an organisation 118 Consequence of diminished data integrity: financial loss 119 Consequence of diminished data integrity: poor decision-making 120 Ethical issue: ownership and control of data 121 Ethical issue: misuse of personal data and information 122 Visual communication element: line 123 Visual communication element: shape 124 Using colour in a visualisation 125 Visual communication element: texture 126 Visual communication element: tone 127 Visual communication element: form 128 UI design principle: space 129 Visual communication element: proportion 130 Visual communication element: scale 131 UI design principle: balance 132 UI design principle: contrast 133 Visual communication principle: proximity 134 Visual communication principle: harmony 135 UI design principle: alignment 136 Consistent layout and style across a visualisation 137 Visual hierarchy in a visualisation

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Data-driven problems and inserting data Students learn what makes a problem data-driven and how data sources, file formats, data structures and validation rules affect getting data into a system.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Decomposition and solution requirements Students break data-driven problems into manageable parts using decomposition and pattern recognition, then gather and write functional, non-functional and constraint requirements and sort them into inputs, processes, outputs and storage.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Data types, data models and storage Students choose data types and field sizes, apply constraints, and design single-table data models and data dictionaries from storage requirements.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Primary keys, foreign keys and relationships Students use primary and foreign keys to link tables in relational databases and show the links in entity relationship diagrams.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Interactivity and usability Students design how users enter and see data, specify output requirements, and judge solutions against usability and user experience principles.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Context diagrams and data flow diagrams Students model how data moves between users, processes and data stores using context diagrams and Level 1 data flow diagrams.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Algorithm steps as pseudocode Students write language-independent pseudocode using variables, input and output, selection, loops, arrays, records and functions, and turn IPO charts into algorithm steps.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Impacts of storing data in databases Students weigh the personal, social and economic benefits and risks of storing data in databases for individuals, organisations and governments.

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Year 11 QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Visual communication elements and principles Students apply the elements and principles of visual communication, such as line, colour, balance and hierarchy, to present data clearly.

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VCE Innovative Solutions Crossword: Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems and more (Part 1 of 2) 10 clues · Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems, Characteristics of Creative and Innovative Solutions, Functions and Capabilities of Digital Systems, Ideation Techniques and more

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VCE Innovative Solutions Crossword: Gantt Charts and Project Management and more (Part 2 of 2) 10 clues · Gantt Charts and Project Management, Design Tool - Mock-ups, Design Tool - Storyboards, Design Tool - Sitemap and more

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VCE Innovative Solutions Word Search: Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems and more (All modules) 20 words to find · Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems, Characteristics of Creative and Innovative Solutions, Functions and Capabilities of Digital Systems, Ideation Techniques and more

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VCE Pseudocode Crossword: What is Pseudocode to if-then block (Modules 1–10) 6 clues · What is Pseudocode, Pseudocode Writing Conventions, Variable Assignment: x <- value, input keyword and more

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VCE Pseudocode Crossword: if-then-else block to Reading and tracing complex pseudocode (Modules 11–28) 10 clues · if-then-else block, else if: chained selection, for loop: for i from 1 to n, Nested for loops and more

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VCE Pseudocode Word Search: What is Pseudocode to Reading and tracing complex pseudocode (Modules 1–28) 20 words to find · What is Pseudocode, Pseudocode Writing Conventions, Variable Assignment: x <- value, input keyword and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Data, information and binary representation (Modules 1–10) 10 clues · Data and information, Types of data: numbers and text, Types of data: images, sound and video, Same data, different representations and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Data, information and binary representation and Acquiring and manipulating data (Modules 11–20) 10 clues · Representing images with pixels, Primary and secondary data sources, Collecting data with a survey, Spreadsheet rows, columns and cells and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Analysing and visualising data and Digital footprint and privacy (Modules 31–56) 10 clues · Choosing the right chart, Column and bar charts, Line charts, Pie charts and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Word Search: Data, information and binary representation and Acquiring and manipulating data (Modules 1–20) 20 words to find · Data and information, Types of data: numbers and text, Types of data: images, sound and video, Same data, different representations and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Word Search: Acquiring and manipulating data to Digital footprint and privacy (Modules 21–56) 20 words to find · Cleaning data, Formulas start with =, Arithmetic operators + - * /, The SUM function and more

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Years 5–6 Creating Digital Solutions Crossword: Defining problems and requirements and Designing algorithms with branching and iteration (Modules 1–10) 10 clues · What is a problem a digital system can solve?, User need, Writing a problem statement, Functional requirements and more

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Years 5–6 Creating Digital Solutions Word Search: Defining problems and requirements and Designing algorithms with branching and iteration (Modules 1–20) 20 words to find · What is a problem a digital system can solve?, User need, Writing a problem statement, Functional requirements and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Types and purposes of data (Modules 3–14) 10 clues · Quantitative data, Qualitative data, Purposes of qualitative and quantitative data, Interviews to gather perspectives on a topical issue and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Types and purposes of data and Data types and data characteristics (Modules 15–24) 10 clues · Open data portals and data licences, Text data: character and string, Numeric data: integer, Numeric data: floating point and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Data types and data characteristics to Privacy and the Australian Privacy Principles (Modules 25–37) 10 clues · Characteristic of data: accessibility, Characteristic of information: clarity, Characteristic of information: context, Data quality: accuracy and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Privacy and the Australian Privacy Principles and Ethics and APA referencing (Modules 38–54) 10 clues · APP 2: anonymity and pseudonymity, Holding information only for its primary purpose, Security measures to protect personal information, Critiquing a system against the Australian Privacy Principles and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Ethics and APA referencing and Requirements, constraints and scope (Modules 56–67) 10 clues · Acknowledging sources and copyright, Purpose of APA referencing, APA in-text citations, APA reference list entry structure and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Requirements, constraints and scope and Design tools for databases, spreadsheets and visualisations (Modules 68–80) 10 clues · Scope of a solution, Listing requirements and constraints for a problem, Interpreting teacher-provided requirements for a data solution, Input-process-output (IPO) chart and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Types and purposes of data and Data types and data characteristics (Modules 3–24) 20 words to find · Quantitative data, Qualitative data, Purposes of qualitative and quantitative data, Interviews to gather perspectives on a topical issue and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Data types and data characteristics to Ethics and APA referencing (Modules 25–54) 20 words to find · Characteristic of data: accessibility, Characteristic of information: clarity, Characteristic of information: context, Data quality: accuracy and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Ethics and APA referencing to Design tools for databases, spreadsheets and visualisations (Modules 56–80) 22 words to find · Acknowledging sources and copyright, Purpose of APA referencing, APA in-text citations, APA reference list entry structure and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Manipulating, validating and testing spreadsheet data and Relational database structure (Modules 35–44) 10 clues · Pivot tables, What is a relational database?, What a single-table database is, Database field data types and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Relational database structure and Querying data with SQL (Modules 45–54) 10 clues · Importing a CSV file into a database table, Validation rules on database fields, SQL constraints for validation, What a database query is and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Purposes and types of data visualisations and Visualisation components and design conventions (Modules 71–86) 10 clues · Purpose of a data visualisation: informing, Purpose of a data visualisation: entertaining, Purpose of a data visualisation: persuading, Matching a visualisation to its purpose and audience and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Word Search: Manipulating, validating and testing spreadsheet data to Querying data with SQL (Modules 35–54) 20 words to find · Pivot tables, What is a relational database?, What a single-table database is, Database field data types and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Word Search: Querying data with SQL to Visualisation components and design conventions (Modules 55–86) 20 words to find · SQL GROUP BY, SQL JOIN across two tables, SQL UPDATE and DELETE, Testing a query against the data and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Requirements and design tools to Naming conventions and internal documentation (Modules 10–47) 10 clues · Data dictionary, Writing a data dictionary entry, Designing classes with a class diagram, Object descriptions and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Naming conventions and internal documentation and Pseudocode (Modules 48–71) 10 clues · Camel casing, Snake casing, Hungarian notation for variables, Hungarian notation for interface controls and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Pseudocode to Data structures (Modules 72–96) 10 clues · Turning pseudocode into Python, Changing a global variable with the global keyword, Functions calling other functions, Program structure with a main() function and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Data structures and Data sources and files (Modules 98–113) 10 clues · Records: fields with different data types, Accessing a record's fields by name and by field index, Choosing a data structure, Plain text (TXT) files: structure and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Data sources and files to Graphical user interfaces (Modules 114–124) 10 clues · Reading an XML file with ElementTree, Validation: why data is checked on entry, Types of validation check, Existence checking in code and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Requirements and design tools to Pseudocode (Modules 10–71) 21 words to find · Data dictionary, Writing a data dictionary entry, Designing classes with a class diagram, Object descriptions and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Pseudocode to Data sources and files (Modules 72–113) 21 words to find · Turning pseudocode into Python, Changing a global variable with the global keyword, Functions calling other functions, Program structure with a main() function and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Data sources and files to Object-oriented programming (Modules 114–141) 20 words to find · Reading an XML file with ElementTree, Validation: why data is checked on entry, Types of validation check, Existence checking in code and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: Project reasons and the brief to Needs, requirements, constraints and scope (Modules 12–24) 10 clues · Brief feature: originality, Breaking a project into tasks, Gantt chart: sequencing tasks, Gantt chart: time allocation and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: Needs, requirements, constraints and scope and Analytical tools and the software requirements specification (Modules 26–41) 10 clues · Reports as a source of requirements, Analysing interview and survey responses to find needs, Economic constraints, Legal constraints and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: Analytical tools and the software requirements specification (Modules 42–51) 10 clues · Drawing a context diagram from a scenario, Data flow diagram (Level 1): processes, Data flow diagram (Level 1): data stores and entities, Data flow diagram (Level 1): data flows and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: Ideation and evaluating design ideas to User experience and software design (Modules 86–109) 10 clues · Mood boards, Design criteria for an interface, Comparing alternative designs with a decision matrix, Efficiency of a solution and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: User experience and software design and User interface design principles (Modules 110–119) 10 clues · Accessibility features, How UX characteristics affect software design, UI design principle: alignment, UI design principle: balance and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Word Search: Project reasons and the brief to Needs, requirements, constraints and scope (Modules 2–24) 21 words to find · Stakeholders, Project reason: increasing productivity and efficiency, Project reason: reducing costs, Project reason: addressing gaps in the market and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Word Search: Needs, requirements, constraints and scope and Analytical tools and the software requirements specification (Modules 26–51) 20 words to find · Reports as a source of requirements, Analysing interview and survey responses to find needs, Economic constraints, Legal constraints and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Word Search: Ideation and evaluating design ideas to User interface design principles (Modules 86–119) 20 words to find · Mood boards, Design criteria for an interface, Comparing alternative designs with a decision matrix, Efficiency of a solution and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Crossword: Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants to Beta testing (Modules 125–171) 10 clues · Keeping API keys secure, Validation versus verification, Alpha testing, Commenting out code to isolate a bug and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Word Search: Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants to Beta testing (Modules 115–171) 22 words to find · Branches and merging, What a library is: standard vs third-party, Random numbers with import random, The math module and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O1 Crossword: Data types and relational databases to Sourcing, validating and referencing data (Modules 17–49) 10 clues · Field sizes, SQL column data types and sizes, One-to-many relationships between tables, Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT in a WHERE clause and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O1 Word Search: Data types and relational databases to Statistical analysis of data (Modules 17–91) 20 words to find · Field sizes, SQL column data types and sizes, One-to-many relationships between tables, Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT in a WHERE clause and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Crossword: Research questions and project planning to Collecting primary and secondary data (Modules 3–31) 10 clues · What a research question is, Research question feature: clarity, Research question feature: measurability of data requirements, Research question feature: feasibility and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Crossword: Collecting primary and secondary data to Data integrity (Modules 32–75) 10 clues · Searching with keywords and search operators, Searching and filtering a data repository, One-dimensional arrays, Records: grouping fields of different data types and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Word Search: Research questions and project planning to Evaluating designs and design tools (Modules 3–146) 21 words to find · What a research question is, Research question feature: clarity, Research question feature: measurability of data requirements, Research question feature: feasibility and more

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VCE Data Analytics U4O1 Crossword: Audience and developing infographics and dashboards to Data quality and testing visualisations (Modules 63–83) 10 clues · Pagination of an infographic or dashboard, Clarifying data refresh requirements, Visual hierarchy in a visualisation, Clarity of message in a visualisation and more

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VCE Data Analytics U4O1 Word Search: Audience and developing infographics and dashboards to Recording and assessing project progress (Modules 63–105) 20 words to find · Pagination of an infographic or dashboard, Clarifying data refresh requirements, Visual hierarchy in a visualisation, Clarity of message in a visualisation and more

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VCE Data Analytics U4O2 Crossword: Why data security matters and types of threats and Data integrity and its consequences (Modules 1–25) 10 clues · Goals and objectives of medium and large organisations, Safeguarding business operations, Mitigating financial loss and reputational damage, Accidental threats to data and more

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VCE Data Analytics U4O2 Crossword: Data integrity and its consequences and Evaluating security with CIA and security controls (Modules 26–43) 10 clues · Assessing data against the six integrity characteristics, Consequence of diminished data integrity: loss of reputation, Consequence of diminished data integrity: poor decision-making, Consequence of diminished data integrity: financial loss and more

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VCE Data Analytics U4O2 Word Search: Why data security matters and types of threats to Evaluating security with CIA and security controls (Modules 1–43) 22 words to find · Goals and objectives of medium and large organisations, Safeguarding business operations, Mitigating financial loss and reputational damage, Accidental threats to data and more

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Years 7–8 Creating Digital Solutions Crossword: Defining and decomposing problems and Designing and tracing algorithms (Modules 3–47) 10 clues · Interviewing a user, Decomposing a problem into sub-problems, Decomposition diagrams, Non-functional requirements and more

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Years 7–8 Creating Digital Solutions Word Search: Defining and decomposing problems to Evaluating digital solutions (Modules 3–125) 21 words to find · Interviewing a user, Decomposing a problem into sub-problems, Decomposition diagrams, Non-functional requirements and more

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Years 9–10 Creating Digital Solutions Crossword: Defining and decomposing problems to Evaluating solutions, impact and innovation (Modules 6–132) 10 clues · Decomposing a problem into a hierarchy chart, Prioritising requirements, Truth tables for AND, OR and NOT, Logical operators in a flowchart decision and more

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Years 9–10 Creating Digital Solutions Word Search: Defining and decomposing problems to Evaluating solutions, impact and innovation (Modules 6–132) 20 words to find · Decomposing a problem into a hierarchy chart, Prioritising requirements, Truth tables for AND, OR and NOT, Logical operators in a flowchart decision and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Crossword: 7b Decomposition and Sub-systems (Modules 94–106) 10 clues · Sub-system, Sub-systems made of further sub-systems, Component parts of a problem: inputs, Component parts of a problem: processes and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Crossword: 8.3 File Handling and 9 Databases (Modules 500–522) 10 clues · Write, close, then read the data back, Copying a line of text from one file to another, Tracing a file handling program, Common mistakes in file handling pseudocode and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Word Search: 7b Decomposition and Sub-systems (Modules 94–118) 21 words to find · Sub-system, Sub-systems made of further sub-systems, Component parts of a problem: inputs, Component parts of a problem: processes and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Word Search: 8.3 File Handling and 9 Databases (Modules 500–538) 20 words to find · Write, close, then read the data back, Copying a line of text from one file to another, Tracing a file handling program, Common mistakes in file handling pseudocode and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Crossword: Analysing and Visualising Data and Structured Data and Queries (Modules 331–360) 10 clues · Describing a trend in a sentence with evidence, Investigating a dataset from question to conclusion, Attributes of an object, Attributes of an event and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Word Search: Analysing and Visualising Data to Algorithms, Flowcharts and Pseudocode (Modules 331–411) 21 words to find · Describing a trend in a sentence with evidence, Investigating a dataset from question to conclusion, Attributes of an object, Attributes of an event and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Crossword: Entities, Relationships and Queries (Modules 433–451) 10 clues · The repeated-data problem in one big table, Entity, Attributes become fields, One-to-one and many-to-many relationships and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Crossword: Modular and Object-Oriented Programming (JavaScript) and Cyber Security Threats and Vulnerabilities (Modules 743–781) 10 clues · One class, many objects, Storing objects in an array, Methods calling other methods, Choosing properties and methods for a class from a scenario and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Word Search: Analysing and Visualising Data and Entities, Relationships and Queries (Modules 413–451) 21 words to find · Connecting one slicer to several pivot charts, Referencing a cell on another worksheet, Named ranges, A drop-down list as a chart selector and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Word Search: Modular and Object-Oriented Programming (JavaScript) and Cyber Security Threats and Vulnerabilities (Modules 743–809) 21 words to find · One class, many objects, Storing objects in an array, Methods calling other methods, Choosing properties and methods for a class from a scenario and more

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 1 Crossword: Algorithms and Programming Techniques and Programmed Solutions (Modules 158–380) 10 clues · input keyword, if-then-else block, Repeat-Until loop, define: defining a function and more

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 1 Word Search: User Experiences and Interfaces to Programmed Solutions (Modules 82–380) 20 words to find · Recording pitfalls and useful solutions in an existing interface, Known user, User characteristics, Age appropriateness of information and more

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Crossword: Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements (Modules 2–115) 10 clues · What a data-driven problem is, Problems caused by inconsistent data formats when inserting data, Pattern recognition in a problem, User input controls for entering data and more

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Crossword: Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements and Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 122–139) 10 clues · Visual communication element: line, Visual communication element: shape, Visual communication element: texture, Visual communication element: tone and more

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Word Search: Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements and Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 2–139) 20 words to find · What a data-driven problem is, Problems caused by inconsistent data formats when inserting data, Pattern recognition in a problem, User input controls for entering data and more