QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2 — Data and Programming Techniques

1 Data and information 2 Wisdom: using information to decide 3 Scope of a solution 4 Constraints on a solution 5 Functional requirements 6 Solution Non-functional Requirements 7 Programming requirements: SQL and algorithms 8 System requirements: platforms 9 System requirements: hardware 10 Comparing communications technologies 11 Data storage systems 12 Primary and secondary data sources 13 Delimited (CSV) files: structure 14 What a sensor is 15 Open data portals and data licences 16 What an API is 17 Collecting data with a survey 18 Data acquisition 19 Naming a database and its tables 20 Naming columns, primary keys and foreign keys 21 Dataset file formats: CSV, XLSX, JSON and XML 22 Reasons for using TXT, CSV and XML data sources 23 Data dictionary 24 One-dimensional arrays 25 Records: grouping fields of different data types 26 Two-dimensional arrays 27 Choosing a data structure 28 Same data, different representations 29 Text data: character and string 30 Numeric data: integer 31 Numeric data: floating point 32 Date/time data 33 Boolean data 34 Choosing a data type for a value 35 SQL column data types and sizes 36 Data integrity: authenticity 37 Data integrity: correctness 38 Data integrity: reasonableness 39 Data integrity: timeliness 40 Data quality: accuracy 41 The repeated-data problem in one big table 42 Data completeness 43 Data consistency 44 Insertion anomaly 45 Update anomaly 46 Deletion anomaly 47 Confidentiality 48 Data security: integrity 49 Data security: availability 50 User permissions: read, write and execute 51 Streams of structured data 52 Lists + Dictionaries 53 Reading a CSV file into an array of records 54 Splitting a line into fields with .split() 55 Filtering a stream of records 56 Transforming a stream of records 57 List comprehensions 58 Aggregating a stream of records 59 Built-in functions sum(), min() and max() 60 What SQL is 61 SQL SELECT and FROM 62 SQL WHERE conditions 63 Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT in a WHERE clause 64 Pattern matching with LIKE, % and _ 65 BETWEEN and IN in a WHERE clause 66 SQL ORDER BY 67 SQL aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX 68 SQL GROUP BY 69 Clause order in a full SQL query 70 Why a query over two tables needs a join 71 Writing the ON condition: foreign key equals primary key 72 Table-qualified field names in a join 73 Table aliases in a join 74 A join with WHERE and ORDER BY 75 Joining three tables 76 A join that forgets the ON condition 77 SQL UPDATE and DELETE 78 CREATE TABLE and INSERT INTO 79 FOREIGN KEY ... REFERENCES in CREATE TABLE 80 SQL ALTER TABLE 81 SQL CREATE VIEW 82 SQL constraints for validation 83 What is a relational database? 84 Counting fields and records in a table 85 Entity 86 Attributes become fields 87 Primary key 88 Foreign key and table relationships 89 Secondary key 90 Null values 91 Views in a relational database 92 One-to-many relationships between tables 93 One-to-one and many-to-many relationships 94 Entity relationship diagram: entities and relationship lines 95 Crow's foot notation for one and many 96 Referential integrity 97 Reading a relational schema 98 Drawing an ERD from a scenario 99 Unnormalised data and why normalise 100 First normal form (1NF) (Data and Programming Techniques) 101 Second normal form (2NF) (Data and Programming Techniques) 102 Third normal form (3NF) (Data and Programming Techniques) 103 Normalising a table to 3NF step by step 104 Validation: why data is checked on entry 105 Validation versus verification 106 Types of validation check 107 Double entry check 108 Validation rules on database fields 109 Existence checking in code 110 Type checking in code 111 Range checking in code 112 Input validation with a while loop 113 Combining validation checks in a validation function 114 Why data is encrypted 115 Symmetric encryption 116 Encrypting data at rest and in transit 117 Why passwords are stored as hashes 118 Linear Search algorithm in pseudocode 119 Binary Search algorithm in pseudocode 120 Finding patterns, trends and outliers 121 Direct and indirect identifiers 122 De-identifying survey and interview data with participant codes 123 Generalising an exact value into a range 124 Re-identification risk from small groups and combined details 125 Input-process-output (IPO) chart 126 Pseudocode Writing Conventions 127 Variable Assignment: x <- value 128 input keyword 129 print keyword 130 Arithmetic Operators in Pseudocode 131 Comparison Operators in Pseudocode 132 Boolean Operators in Pseudocode 133 if-then-else block 134 else if: chained selection 135 for loop: for i from 1 to n 136 while loop 137 Repeat-Until loop 138 Counters and accumulators in pseudocode 139 Arrays in pseudocode 140 Records in pseudocode 141 define: defining a function 142 return keyword 143 Calling a function 144 Writing pseudocode from an IPO chart 145 Pseudocode: validating a record before insertion 146 Pseudocode: processing a file of records for insertion 147 Pseudocode: user interaction loop with a menu 148 Pseudocode: presenting query results

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Data, requirements and data sources Students learn the difference between data, information and wisdom, define the scope, constraints and requirements of a data-driven solution, and compare real-world data sources and how to acquire data from them.

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Data principles Students learn how data is organised, named, formatted, typed and represented, and how integrity, redundancy, anomalies and security principles keep data trustworthy.

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Programming with streams of data Students read streams of structured records and write code to filter, transform and aggregate them.

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Relational databases, SQL and normalisation Students write SQL, work with keys, relationships, schemas and referential integrity, and normalise tables to third normal form.

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Validation, security and data management processes Students check data with validation and verification, then protect and manage it using encryption, searching, pattern recognition and de-identification.

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 2: Pseudocode for data handling Students write generic pseudocode to process data for insertion into a database and to handle user interaction, validation and presentation of results.

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Python Crossword: Advanced (Modules 41–50) 10 clues · Sets – Operations, Nested Lists, Lists + Dictionaries, File Operations – Open and more

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Python Word Search: Advanced (Modules 41–63) 20 words to find · Sets – Operations, Nested Lists, Lists + Dictionaries, File Operations – Open and more

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VCE Innovative Solutions Crossword: Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems and more (Part 1 of 2) 10 clues · Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems, Characteristics of Creative and Innovative Solutions, Functions and Capabilities of Digital Systems, Ideation Techniques and more

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VCE Innovative Solutions Word Search: Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems and more (All modules) 20 words to find · Impact of Emerging Trends in Digital Systems, Characteristics of Creative and Innovative Solutions, Functions and Capabilities of Digital Systems, Ideation Techniques and more

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VCE Cyber Security Crossword: Emerging trends in cyber security to Antivirus software (Modules 1–10) 10 clues · Emerging trends in cyber security, Regulatory compliance, Zero Trust Architecture, Routers and more

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VCE Cyber Security Crossword: AI-based network security software and more (Modules 11–20) 10 clues · AI-based network security software, Intrusion detection systems (IDS), Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), Wired communications technology and more

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VCE Cyber Security Crossword: Software malware updates to RSA (Modules 41–50) 10 clues · Software malware updates, Staff procedures, Encryption and decryption, Caesar cipher and more

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VCE Cyber Security Word Search: Emerging trends in cyber security and more (Modules 1–20) 20 words to find · Emerging trends in cyber security, Regulatory compliance, Zero Trust Architecture, Routers and more

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VCE Cyber Security Word Search: Software malware updates to Information Privacy Principle 5 (Modules 41–74) 22 words to find · Software malware updates, Staff procedures, Encryption and decryption, Caesar cipher and more

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VCE Pseudocode Crossword: What is Pseudocode to if-then block (Modules 1–10) 6 clues · What is Pseudocode, Pseudocode Writing Conventions, Variable Assignment: x <- value, input keyword and more

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VCE Pseudocode Crossword: if-then-else block to Reading and tracing complex pseudocode (Modules 11–28) 10 clues · if-then-else block, else if: chained selection, for loop: for i from 1 to n, Nested for loops and more

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VCE Pseudocode Word Search: What is Pseudocode to Reading and tracing complex pseudocode (Modules 1–28) 20 words to find · What is Pseudocode, Pseudocode Writing Conventions, Variable Assignment: x <- value, input keyword and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Data, information and binary representation (Modules 1–10) 10 clues · Data and information, Types of data: numbers and text, Types of data: images, sound and video, Same data, different representations and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Data, information and binary representation and Acquiring and manipulating data (Modules 11–20) 10 clues · Representing images with pixels, Primary and secondary data sources, Collecting data with a survey, Spreadsheet rows, columns and cells and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Crossword: Acquiring and manipulating data and Analysing and visualising data (Modules 21–30) 10 clues · Cleaning data, Formulas start with =, Arithmetic operators + - * /, The SUM function and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Word Search: Data, information and binary representation and Acquiring and manipulating data (Modules 1–20) 20 words to find · Data and information, Types of data: numbers and text, Types of data: images, sound and video, Same data, different representations and more

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Years 5–6 Data & Information Word Search: Acquiring and manipulating data to Digital footprint and privacy (Modules 21–56) 20 words to find · Cleaning data, Formulas start with =, Arithmetic operators + - * /, The SUM function and more

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Years 5–6 Creating Digital Solutions Crossword: Defining problems and requirements and Designing algorithms with branching and iteration (Modules 1–10) 10 clues · What is a problem a digital system can solve?, User need, Writing a problem statement, Functional requirements and more

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Years 5–6 Creating Digital Solutions Word Search: Defining problems and requirements and Designing algorithms with branching and iteration (Modules 1–20) 20 words to find · What is a problem a digital system can solve?, User need, Writing a problem statement, Functional requirements and more

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Years 9–10 Digital Systems Crossword: Controlling and securing access to data (Modules 13–24) 10 clues · Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication vs authorisation and more

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Years 9–10 Digital Systems Word Search: Controlling and securing access to data and Threats and software vulnerabilities (Modules 13–40) 20 words to find · Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication vs authorisation and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Types and purposes of data and Data types and data characteristics (Modules 15–24) 10 clues · Open data portals and data licences, Text data: character and string, Numeric data: integer, Numeric data: floating point and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Data types and data characteristics to Privacy and the Australian Privacy Principles (Modules 25–37) 10 clues · Characteristic of data: accessibility, Characteristic of information: clarity, Characteristic of information: context, Data quality: accuracy and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Ethics and APA referencing and Requirements, constraints and scope (Modules 56–67) 10 clues · Acknowledging sources and copyright, Purpose of APA referencing, APA in-text citations, APA reference list entry structure and more

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VCE Data Analysis Crossword: Requirements, constraints and scope and Design tools for databases, spreadsheets and visualisations (Modules 68–80) 10 clues · Scope of a solution, Listing requirements and constraints for a problem, Interpreting teacher-provided requirements for a data solution, Input-process-output (IPO) chart and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Types and purposes of data and Data types and data characteristics (Modules 3–24) 20 words to find · Quantitative data, Qualitative data, Purposes of qualitative and quantitative data, Interviews to gather perspectives on a topical issue and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Data types and data characteristics to Ethics and APA referencing (Modules 25–54) 20 words to find · Characteristic of data: accessibility, Characteristic of information: clarity, Characteristic of information: context, Data quality: accuracy and more

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VCE Data Analysis Word Search: Ethics and APA referencing to Design tools for databases, spreadsheets and visualisations (Modules 56–80) 22 words to find · Acknowledging sources and copyright, Purpose of APA referencing, APA in-text citations, APA reference list entry structure and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Manipulating, validating and testing spreadsheet data and Relational database structure (Modules 35–44) 10 clues · Pivot tables, What is a relational database?, What a single-table database is, Database field data types and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Relational database structure and Querying data with SQL (Modules 45–54) 10 clues · Importing a CSV file into a database table, Validation rules on database fields, SQL constraints for validation, What a database query is and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Crossword: Querying data with SQL to Purposes and types of data visualisations (Modules 55–70) 10 clues · SQL GROUP BY, SQL JOIN across two tables, SQL UPDATE and DELETE, Testing a query against the data and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Word Search: Manipulating, validating and testing spreadsheet data to Querying data with SQL (Modules 35–54) 20 words to find · Pivot tables, What is a relational database?, What a single-table database is, Database field data types and more

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VCE Spreadsheets, SQL & Visualisation Word Search: Querying data with SQL to Visualisation components and design conventions (Modules 55–86) 20 words to find · SQL GROUP BY, SQL JOIN across two tables, SQL UPDATE and DELETE, Testing a query against the data and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Requirements and design tools to Naming conventions and internal documentation (Modules 10–47) 10 clues · Data dictionary, Writing a data dictionary entry, Designing classes with a class diagram, Object descriptions and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Naming conventions and internal documentation and Pseudocode (Modules 48–71) 10 clues · Camel casing, Snake casing, Hungarian notation for variables, Hungarian notation for interface controls and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Pseudocode to Data structures (Modules 72–96) 10 clues · Turning pseudocode into Python, Changing a global variable with the global keyword, Functions calling other functions, Program structure with a main() function and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Data structures and Data sources and files (Modules 98–113) 10 clues · Records: fields with different data types, Accessing a record's fields by name and by field index, Choosing a data structure, Plain text (TXT) files: structure and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Crossword: Data sources and files to Graphical user interfaces (Modules 114–124) 10 clues · Reading an XML file with ElementTree, Validation: why data is checked on entry, Types of validation check, Existence checking in code and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Requirements and design tools to Pseudocode (Modules 10–71) 21 words to find · Data dictionary, Writing a data dictionary entry, Designing classes with a class diagram, Object descriptions and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Pseudocode to Data sources and files (Modules 72–113) 21 words to find · Turning pseudocode into Python, Changing a global variable with the global keyword, Functions calling other functions, Program structure with a main() function and more

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VCE Software Development U3O1 Word Search: Data sources and files to Object-oriented programming (Modules 114–141) 20 words to find · Reading an XML file with ElementTree, Validation: why data is checked on entry, Types of validation check, Existence checking in code and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Crossword: Ideation and evaluating design ideas to User experience and software design (Modules 86–109) 10 clues · Mood boards, Design criteria for an interface, Comparing alternative designs with a decision matrix, Efficiency of a solution and more

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VCE Software Development U3O2 Word Search: Ideation and evaluating design ideas to User interface design principles (Modules 86–119) 20 words to find · Mood boards, Design criteria for an interface, Comparing alternative designs with a decision matrix, Efficiency of a solution and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Crossword: Classes, objects and access modifiers to Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants (Modules 82–114) 10 clues · Choosing access modifiers for a class, Readability improvements in code, Built-in functions sum(), min() and max(), List comprehensions and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Crossword: Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants (Modules 115–124) 10 clues · Branches and merging, What a library is: standard vs third-party, Random numbers with import random, The math module and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Crossword: Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants to Beta testing (Modules 125–171) 10 clues · Keeping API keys secure, Validation versus verification, Alpha testing, Commenting out code to isolate a bug and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Word Search: Efficient and effective solutions and user-centred design to Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants (Modules 3–114) 20 words to find · User-centred design, Order of operations with brackets in Python, Choosing data types for input, storage and output, Procedures versus functions and more

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VCE Software Development U4O1 Word Search: Code repositories, APIs, libraries and AI assistants to Beta testing (Modules 115–171) 22 words to find · Branches and merging, What a library is: standard vs third-party, Random numbers with import random, The math module and more

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VCE Software Development U4O2 Crossword: Security controls for development practices and stored data and Threat modelling and evaluating security practices (Modules 49–72) 10 clues · Code repositories, Securing a code repository, Encrypting data at rest and in transit, Peer code review process and more

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VCE Software Development U4O2 Word Search: Security controls for development practices and stored data to Mitigation and improving secure development practices (Modules 49–130) 20 words to find · Code repositories, Securing a code repository, Encrypting data at rest and in transit, Peer code review process and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O1 Crossword: Data types and relational databases to Sourcing, validating and referencing data (Modules 17–49) 10 clues · Field sizes, SQL column data types and sizes, One-to-many relationships between tables, Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT in a WHERE clause and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O1 Word Search: Data types and relational databases to Statistical analysis of data (Modules 17–91) 20 words to find · Field sizes, SQL column data types and sizes, One-to-many relationships between tables, Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT in a WHERE clause and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Crossword: Collecting primary and secondary data to Data integrity (Modules 32–75) 10 clues · Searching with keywords and search operators, Searching and filtering a data repository, One-dimensional arrays, Records: grouping fields of different data types and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Crossword: Data integrity to Evaluating designs and design tools (Modules 76–146) 10 clues · Data integrity: reasonableness, Data integrity: timeliness, Participant information statement, Consent form and more

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VCE Data Analytics U3O2 Word Search: Research questions and project planning to Evaluating designs and design tools (Modules 3–146) 21 words to find · What a research question is, Research question feature: clarity, Research question feature: measurability of data requirements, Research question feature: feasibility and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 1 Crossword: 3.2 Input and Output Devices (Modules 273–282) 10 clues · 3D printer, Speaker, Actuator, Choosing a suitable output device for a context and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 1 Word Search: 3.2 Input and Output Devices (Modules 262–282) 22 words to find · Choosing a suitable input device for a context, LCD screen, LED screen, Comparing LCD and LED screens and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Crossword: 7a Program Development Life Cycle (Modules 60–70) 10 clues · Re-asking for input until it is valid, Combining validation checks, What validation cannot do, Choosing a validation check for a field and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Crossword: 8.3 File Handling and 9 Databases (Modules 500–522) 10 clues · Write, close, then read the data back, Copying a line of text from one file to another, Tracing a file handling program, Common mistakes in file handling pseudocode and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Crossword: 9 Databases (Modules 525–538) 10 clues · Field order in the output of a SELECT, WHERE on text, Boolean, character and date fields, Mixing AND and OR with brackets in a WHERE clause, Clause order in a full SQL query and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Word Search: 7a Program Development Life Cycle (Modules 47–70) 20 words to find · REPEAT ... UNTIL loop (7a), Choosing between FOR, WHILE and REPEAT, Counting in a loop (7a), Totalling in a loop (7a) and more

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IGCSE Computer Science Paper 2 Word Search: 8.3 File Handling and 9 Databases (Modules 500–538) 20 words to find · Write, close, then read the data back, Copying a line of text from one file to another, Tracing a file handling program, Common mistakes in file handling pseudocode and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Crossword: Networks and Cyber Threats (Modules 674–695) 10 clues · Checking whether an account appears in a data breach, Setting up MFA with an authenticator app, Backup codes and account recovery, Why data is encrypted and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Crossword: Digital Footprints and Data Minimisation (Modules 728–751) 10 clues · Form settings that collect email addresses, Data sharing with third parties, Purpose and user of an existing digital system, Justifying keeping or removing a data item and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Crossword: Digital Footprints and Data Minimisation (Modules 752–770) 10 clues · Deleting a spreadsheet column, Hiding a column does not remove the data, Creating ID codes with a formula, Generalising an exact value into a range and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Word Search: Programming with Control Structures and Functions (JavaScript) and Networks and Cyber Threats (Modules 635–695) 21 words to find · Random whole numbers with Math.random() and Math.floor(), Combining sequence, selection and iteration in one program, Writing a program that uses functions and control structures, Higher or lower number guessing game and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 7–8 Word Search: Networks and Cyber Threats and Digital Footprints and Data Minimisation (Modules 696–770) 22 words to find · Substitution cipher, Transposition cipher, Keeping an encryption key secret, Why a Caesar cipher is weak compared with modern encryption and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Crossword: Entities, Relationships and Queries (Modules 433–451) 10 clues · The repeated-data problem in one big table, Entity, Attributes become fields, One-to-one and many-to-many relationships and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Crossword: Entities, Relationships and Queries (Modules 459–475) 10 clues · Pattern matching with LIKE, % and _, BETWEEN and IN in a WHERE clause, Why a query over two tables needs a join, Writing the ON condition: foreign key equals primary key and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Word Search: Analysing and Visualising Data and Entities, Relationships and Queries (Modules 413–451) 21 words to find · Connecting one slicer to several pivot charts, Referencing a cell on another worksheet, Named ranges, A drop-down list as a chart selector and more

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ACARA Digital Technologies Years 9–10 Word Search: Entities, Relationships and Queries and Algorithms with Logical Operators (Modules 459–534) 22 words to find · Pattern matching with LIKE, % and _, BETWEEN and IN in a WHERE clause, Why a query over two tables needs a join, Writing the ON condition: foreign key equals primary key and more

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 1 Crossword: Algorithms and Programming Techniques and Programmed Solutions (Modules 158–380) 10 clues · input keyword, if-then-else block, Repeat-Until loop, define: defining a function and more

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QCE Digital Solutions Unit 1 Word Search: User Experiences and Interfaces to Programmed Solutions (Modules 82–380) 20 words to find · Recording pitfalls and useful solutions in an existing interface, Known user, User characteristics, Age appropriateness of information and more

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Crossword: Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements and Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 122–139) 10 clues · Visual communication element: line, Visual communication element: shape, Visual communication element: texture, Visual communication element: tone and more

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Crossword: Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 144–185) 10 clues · Programming requirements: SQL and algorithms, System requirements: platforms, System requirements: hardware, Data acquisition and more

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Crossword: Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 186–228) 10 clues · Data security: availability, Streams of structured data, Filtering a stream of records, Transforming a stream of records and more

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Crossword: Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 234–285) 10 clues · Reading a relational schema, Unnormalised data and why normalise, First normal form (1NF) (Data and Programming Techniques), Second normal form (2NF) (Data and Programming Techniques) and more

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Word Search: Data-Driven Problems and Solution Requirements and Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 2–139) 20 words to find · What a data-driven problem is, Problems caused by inconsistent data formats when inserting data, Pattern recognition in a problem, User input controls for entering data and more

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Word Search: Data and Programming Techniques (Modules 144–228) 21 words to find · Programming requirements: SQL and algorithms, System requirements: platforms, System requirements: hardware, Data acquisition and more

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Word Search: Data and Programming Techniques and Prototype Data Solutions (Modules 234–409) 22 words to find · Reading a relational schema, Unnormalised data and why normalise, First normal form (1NF) (Data and Programming Techniques), Second normal form (2NF) (Data and Programming Techniques) and more