← IGCSE Computer Science Paper 1

The two types of AI in this course

The 0478 course covers only two types of AI. An expert system uses stored facts and rules to give advice. Machine learning learns from data to improve. Other kinds of AI are not examined.

Part of: IGCSE Computer Science 0478 — 6.3 Artificial Intelligence — Module 3

Understanding The two types of AI in this course in IGCSE Computer Science Paper 1

What it does: A fixed IF-THEN rule is the typical way an expert system reaches advice from known facts. Training a model on data shows machine learning, where the system learns instead of being given every rule. The syllabus limits AI to two types: expert systems and machine learning. Other kinds are not examined. Both are types of AI. The difference is how they work: stored rules versus learning from data. An expert system relies on a knowledge base and rules, so this term matches that meaning.

Common mistakes: A system that uses stored rules and facts is an expert system, so this branch should output "Expert system". Machine learning belongs in the ELSE branch. Only two types of AI are examined and only type1 and type2 exist. type3 was never declared, so the line should use type2 (machine learning).

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This module's key terms are also in a printable crossword (Modules 652–661) and word search (Modules 652–678).

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Learning

Duo

How many types of AI does the 0478 course ask you to know?

Two: expert systems and machine learningFour: expert systems, machine learning, robots and chatbots

Matches

AI types = expert system, machine learning, robotics

↓

Robotics is wrongly listed as a third type. The course covers only two types of AI: expert systems and machine learning. Other kinds are not examined.

Applying

Meanings

Term

Two types of AI: expert systems and machine learning

Meaning

The 0478 course covers only two types of AI. An expert system uses stored facts and rules to give advice. Machine learning learns from data to improve. Other kinds of AI are not examined.

Practice

OUTPUT "Two types of AI in 0478"

Testing

Gaps

AI type 2:

Check Answer

Spots

2IF usesRulesAndFacts THEN

3 OUTPUT "Machine learning"

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Quick Questions

1. How many types of AI does the 0478 course ask you to know?

A. Two: expert systems and machine learning ✓

B. Four: expert systems, machine learning, robots and chatbots

The syllabus limits AI to two types: expert systems and machine learning. Other kinds are not examined.

2. Which statement describes an expert system?

A. It uses stored facts and rules to give advice ✓

B. It learns from data to improve its own results

An expert system relies on a knowledge base and rule base written by people. Learning from data describes machine learning.

3. Which statement describes machine learning?

A. It only follows fixed rules typed in by an expert

B. It learns from data and improves over time ✓

Machine learning adapts using data. Following fixed stored rules is how an expert system works.

4. A question asks you to name a type of AI. Which answer would be accepted for 0478?

A. Computer vision

B. Machine learning ✓

Computer vision is a kind of AI, but it is not one of the two types examined. Only expert systems and machine learning are needed.

5. A medical program asks the doctor questions, applies stored rules and suggests a diagnosis. Which type of AI is it?

A. Expert system ✓

B. Machine learning

Asking questions and applying stored rules to give advice is typical of an expert system.

Match the Pairs

expert system → One of the two AI types in the course: it uses stored facts and rules to give advice or make decisions

machine learning → The other AI type in the course: it learns from data and improves its performance over time

An AI type that applies stored IF-THEN rules written from experts' knowledge → IF fever AND cough THEN flu

An AI type that improves by finding patterns in lots of training data → model = train(data)

AI types = expert system, machine learning, robotics → Robotics is wrongly listed as a third type. The course covers only two types of AI: expert systems and machine learning. Other kinds are not examined.

machine learning = fixed rules from an expert → This describes an expert system, not machine learning. Machine learning learns from data and improves, rather than only following fixed rules.

Key Term

Two types of AI: expert systems and machine learning

The 0478 course covers only two types of AI. An expert system uses stored facts and rules to give advice. Machine learning learns from data to improve. Other kinds of AI are not examined.

Fill in the Blanks

1. AI type 1: expert system AI type 2: machine learning

Hint: Type the name of the second AI type in the course, which learns from data.

2. expert system: stored facts and rules

Hint: Type what an expert system stores alongside facts so it can give advice.

3. machine learning: learns from data

Hint: Type what a machine learning system uses to improve over time.

4. numberOfAITypes ← 2

Hint: Type how many types of AI the 0478 course covers.

5. Other kinds of AI are not examined

Hint: Type the word that shows other kinds of AI will not appear in the exam.

Spot the Error

Question 1

A INPUT usesRulesAndFacts

B IF usesRulesAndFacts THEN

C OUTPUT "Machine learning"

D ELSE

E OUTPUT "Machine learning"

Line C — A system that uses stored rules and facts is an expert system, so this branch should output "Expert system". Machine learning belongs in the ELSE branch.

Question 2

A type1 ← "expert system"

B type2 ← "machine learning"

C total ← 2

D OUTPUT type1 + " and " + type3

Line D — Only two types of AI are examined and only type1 and type2 exist. type3 was never declared, so the line should use type2 (machine learning).

Question 3

A INPUT kind

B IF kind = "expert system"

C OUTPUT "Examined"

D ENDIF

Line B — An IF statement must end with THEN. The line should be IF kind = "expert system" THEN.

Question 4

A expert ← "facts and rules"

B learner ← "fixed rules only"

C OUTPUT expert

Line B — Machine learning learns from data and examples to improve. Fixed rules only describes an expert system, so the line should be learner ← "data and examples".

Question 5

A INPUT adaptsFromData

B IF adaptsFromData = TRUE THEN

C type ← "expert system"

D ELSE

E type ← "expert system"

F OUTPUT type

Line C — If a system adapts by learning from data, it is machine learning. This line should set type to "machine learning"; the expert system belongs in the ELSE branch.

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