AI characteristic: the ability to reason

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Quick Questions

Shade in the A or B circle for each question.

1. A medical AI has the rule 'IF fever AND rash THEN measles likely' and a patient's data shows fever and rash. It concludes measles is likely. What is this?

A Looking up a stored answer

B Reasoning: it applied a rule to data

2. Which system is reasoning?

A A system that finds a saved answer in a table and displays it

B A system that uses rules and facts to work out an answer it was never given

3. Which two things does an AI system combine when it reasons?

A Its rules and its data

B Its screen and its keyboard

4. An AI knows: 'All birds have feathers' and 'A robin is a bird'. It concludes 'A robin has feathers'. Is the conclusion new?

A Yes: it was worked out from two facts, not stored directly

B No: the answer was already stored word for word

5. A program stores the line 'Capital of France = Paris' and prints it when asked. Is this reasoning?

A No: it only looks up a stored answer

B Yes: it uses data to give an answer

Match the Pairs

Draw a line connecting each item on the left to its match on the right.

Left column		Right column
1IF fever = TRUE AND rash = TRUE THEN diagnosis ← "measles"		ALooking up a stored answer, which is not reasoning
2answer ← LOOKUP(savedAnswers, question)		BPrinting a saved answer is only a lookup. Reasoning means using rules on data to work out a new conclusion.
3Reasoning step by step: the first conclusion becomes a new fact for the next rule		CIF age < 18 AND ticket = TRUE THEN price ← "child"
4Combining facts and rules reaches a new conclusion that was never stored		DIF wet = TRUE THEN slippery ← TRUE IF slippery = TRUE THEN warning ← TRUE
5A system reasons whenever it prints a saved answer from its data		EA rule that combines two facts to reach a conclusion
6IF rain = TRUE THEN umbrella ← TRUE (the rule is never applied to any facts)		FA rule on its own is not reasoning. The system must use the rule on its data (such as rain = TRUE) to reach a conclusion.

Definitions

reasoning

Fill in the Blanks

Complete each line of code by filling in the missing parts.

__ fever AND cough THEN flu

IF fever ___ cough THEN flu

IF fever AND cough ____ flu

IF cat THEN mammal ← TRUE IF ______ THEN animal ← TRUE OUTPUT animal

fever ← TRUE cough ← TRUE IF fever AND cough THEN flu _ TRUE

Spot the Error

Shade in the letter of the line that contains an error.

Question 1

A fact ← "It is raining"

B rule ← "Rain makes roads wet"

C IF fact = "It is raining" THEN

D conclusion ← "It is raining"

E ENDIF

Question 2

A age = 15

B IF age < 18 THEN

C status ← "minor"

D ENDIF

Question 3

A fever ← TRUE

B cough ← TRUE

C IF fever OR cough THEN

D OUTPUT "Possible flu"

E ENDIF

Question 4

A isBird ← FALSE

B IF isBird THEN

C hasWings ← TRUE

D ENDIF

E OUTPUT hasWings

Question 5

A mark ← 72

B IF mark = 70 THEN

C grade ← "A"

D ENDIF

E OUTPUT grade

Answer Key

AI characteristic: the ability to reason

Section A: Quick Questions

B — Reasoning: it applied a rule to data

B — A system that uses rules and facts to work out an answer it was never given

A — Its rules and its data

A — Yes: it was worked out from two facts, not stored directly

A — No: it only looks up a stored answer

Section B: Match the Pairs

IF fever = TRUE AND rash = TRUE THEN diagnosis ← "measles" → A rule that combines two facts to reach a conclusion

answer ← LOOKUP(savedAnswers, question) → Looking up a stored answer, which is not reasoning

Reasoning step by step: the first conclusion becomes a new fact for the next rule → IF wet = TRUE THEN slippery ← TRUE IF slippery = TRUE THEN warning ← TRUE

Combining facts and rules reaches a new conclusion that was never stored → IF age < 18 AND ticket = TRUE THEN price ← "child"

A system reasons whenever it prints a saved answer from its data → Printing a saved answer is only a lookup. Reasoning means using rules on data to work out a new conclusion.

IF rain = TRUE THEN umbrella ← TRUE (the rule is never applied to any facts) → A rule on its own is not reasoning. The system must use the rule on its data (such as rain = TRUE) to reach a conclusion.

Section C: Definitions

reasoning — An AI system reasons when it applies its rules to its data to work out a new conclusion that was not stored directly, instead of just looking up a saved answer.

Section D: Fill in the Blanks

IF fever AND cough THEN flu

IF cat THEN mammal ← TRUE
IF mammal THEN animal ← TRUE
OUTPUT animal

fever ← TRUE
cough ← TRUE
IF fever AND cough THEN flu ← TRUE

Section E: Spot the Error

D — The conclusion just copies the stored fact. Reasoning means applying the rule to the fact to get a new conclusion, so it should be conclusion ← "Roads are wet".

A — In this pseudocode, assignment uses ←, and = is a comparison. The fact must be stored with age ← 15 so the rule can use it.

C — The rule combines two facts, so both must be true. OR would fire with only one fact. It should be IF fever AND cough THEN.

A — The starting fact is FALSE, so the rule never fires and no new conclusion is reached. The fact should be isBird ← TRUE.

B — The rule only matches a mark of exactly 70, so the fact 72 would not give a conclusion. It should be IF mark >= 70 THEN.